Graphene just defied a fundamental law of physics

Electrons in graphene observed flowing with near-zero friction, challenging Ohm's law and opening a path to revolutionary quantum technologies. | Contesto: cronaca

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• Graphene just defied a fundamental law of physics

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In a landmark discovery that challenges a cornerstone of classical physics, an international team of physicists has directly observed electrons flowing through graphene with almost no resistance, behaving as a bizarre, frictionless quantum fluid. The phenomenon, documented in a series of meticulous experiments, represents a clear violation of Ohm's law, the fundamental principle that has governed electrical conduction for nearly two centuries. This observation of hydrodynamic electron flow in the single-atom-thick carbon material was reported this week, marking a pivotal moment in condensed matter physics. The research centers on graphene, a material renowned for its exceptional strength and conductivity. Under specific ultra-cold conditions and with an exceptional degree of material purity, researchers found that the negatively charged electrons within graphene ceased behaving as individual, scattering particles. Instead, they collectively began to move like a viscous liquid, with electron streams swirling and twisting with minimal internal friction. This liquid state allows electrical current to bypass the typical scattering events off impurities and vibrations that cause resistance and energy loss in all conventional metals and semiconductors, as described by Ohm's law. The implications of this discovery are profound for our understanding of fundamental physics. Ohm's law, formulated by Georg Ohm in 1827, is a bedrock of electrical engineering, stating that the current through a conductor is directly proportional to the voltage applied. This relationship holds because electrons constantly collide with obstacles in their path. The graphene experiment demonstrates a regime where these collisions between electrons themselves become far more frequent than collisions with the material's lattice, leading to this collective, fluid-like behavior. It reveals a new exotic quantum state of matter where the rules of fluid dynamics, not particle physics, dictate the flow of electricity. Beyond its theoretical significance, the breakthrough points toward a horizon of transformative technological applications. A material that can carry electricity with negligible energy...

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Categoria: cronaca